Síntesis de resinas alquídicas a partir de aceite de palma mediante reacción con diferentes polioles.

Abstract

Palm oil is obtained from the mesocarp of palm fruit (Elais guineensis), it is widely used in the food and non-food industry in many products; now and in large proportion it has been used in the production of biofuels. Naturally progress and developments in the industry, allows competition in terms of production and quality, which leads to oil prices are unstable and tend to decline. In response to this problem and in finding new environmentally friendly materials, research is done in the field of oleochemical through the synthesis of alkyd resins from palm oil. Initially it carried out the characterization of crude palm oil, through technical standards in measuring properties such as acidity, iodine value, saponification value, specific gravity and viscosity. In the case of oil the iodine value and acidity are the most important characteristics. The formulation was made taking into account three polyols and polybasic acid, in addition to oil, concentrations depend on the desired degree of polymerization; polyols were evaluated according to the final properties of the resin synthesized with each other, in order to know which establishes the best reaction conditions and what the effect of it in the final characteristics. The synthesis process was carried out in a batch type reactor with a capacity of 100 ml, equipped with blade stirrer, heating mantle and temperature controller; two different stages must occur during synthesis: first oil alcoholysis, which is done with glycerol and treated oil at high temperature (230 ° C) in the presence of 0.3 wt% of NaOH as a catalyst, the progress The reaction is monitored by observing the solubility of the reaction mixture in methanol anhydride in ratio 1: 3 respectively when the mixture is completely soluble reaction is complete; secondly the polyesterification of monoglycerides of fatty acids obtained by adding a polybasic acid and a polyol is conducted also at a high temperature (230 ° C), in this case the progress of the reaction is measured by measuring the acid at time intervals, the measurement is taken under standard ASTM D1639-90 every 30 minutes with a maximum of 1 gram per sample, the reaction is carried out until the acid value is below 8 mg KOH / g sample. Finally the evaluation of the characteristics of each of the resins obtained was performed for moisture, viscosity, density and chemical resistance using standard methods; plus instrumental analysis techniques such as FTIR and TGA. 9 alkyd resins were obtained, three of which were synthesized with ethylene glycol, to obtain the best physical properties.